Hypnosis involves a person's ability to set aside critical judgment without relinquishing it completely, and to engage in makebelieve and fantasy (Gill & Brenman, 1959; E. R. Hilgard, 1977). For some people this make-believe may be so vivid and intense that they have trouble differentiating it from reality. Indeed, they may not be able to do so.(1)
1. Dissociation is the conscious versus unconscious separation of memory, perception, and motor response from one’s main awareness. The capacity to dissociate is biologically determined and is reflected in the Eye Roll (ER) movements controlled by the external ocular muscles (as explained below).
2. Absorption (fixed attentions) is the decrease in peripheral awareness to facilitate greater focal attention. The intensity and duration of this absorption is influenced by bio-psychological components of intelligence and motivation. Absorption is diminished by attention deficit disorders, impaired concentration, and some medications.
3. Suggestibility is characterized by how prone an individual is to accept new information as fact with a relative suspension of critical judgment. (2)
It should be emphasized that the experience of hypnosis has very little to do with the abilities of the hypnotist, and is mainly a matter of abilities of the person hypnotized. The ability to conduct a hypnotic induction is acquired easily and rapidly by an individual who has at least moderate interpersonal skills, and who is able to establish a relationship of trust and an appearance of competence.(1)
Hypnotic Susceptibility
Hypnotic susceptibility, hypnotic ability, hypnotizability and hypnotic responsivity are terms that are used interchangeably in the scientific literature on hypnosis. They refer, descriptively, to the extent to which a person is able to experience hypnosis.(1)
Studies have found that approximately 10-15% of the population is highly responsive to hypnosis; that is, able to experience the more classical phenomena of hypnosis such as age regression, analgesia (pain reduction), positive and negative hallucinations, and post hypnotic amnesia. An additional 10-15% is unresponsive, or minimally responsive to hypnosis; these individuals are unable to experience even mild subjective alterations, such as the suggestion that the arm is light and weightless and is floating towards the forehead of its own accord, as if it were attached to a brightly colored helium balloon. The remaining majority of 70-80% of the population is moderately responsive to hypnosis; they can experience easy, and in some cases, moderately difficult hypnotic items, but at a certain cut-off point they are unable to respond further.(1)
Hypnotic suggestibility scales are the primary way to measure hypnotic susceptibility. Two such scales include the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale (SHSS) and the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility (HGSHS). These tests are constructed for standardized group administration and are scored by self-report. They consist of a recorded verbatim hypnotic induction, which is scored according to how similar the subjects responses are in relation to previously measured highly susceptible individuals. There are many other ways to measure hypnotic susceptibility, but these two scales are most commonly used in scientific experiments.(2)
In 1992, Herbert Spiegel presented three different personality styles based on the way an individual related to the self and to the world. Those who score high on hypnotic ability tend to be more trusting, have a higher degree of malleability, and an extreme propensity to dissociate. This lends to total absorption with a complete abandonment of peripheral awareness. Those who are not susceptible tend to place logic at highest priority and have a limited experience of dissociation, having constant peripheral awareness. Those in midrange exhibit trends toward oscillating between relative periods of action and inaction. They tend to fluctuate between feeling and thinking and have a moderate ability to express dissociation.(2)
Suggestibility Tests
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V7UWgAqrAXA
(1) Key Concepts in Hypnosis: Campbell Perry, Ph.D
Hypnotic Susceptibility
Hypnotic susceptibility, hypnotic ability, hypnotizability and hypnotic responsivity are terms that are used interchangeably in the scientific literature on hypnosis. They refer, descriptively, to the extent to which a person is able to experience hypnosis.(1)
Studies have found that approximately 10-15% of the population is highly responsive to hypnosis; that is, able to experience the more classical phenomena of hypnosis such as age regression, analgesia (pain reduction), positive and negative hallucinations, and post hypnotic amnesia. An additional 10-15% is unresponsive, or minimally responsive to hypnosis; these individuals are unable to experience even mild subjective alterations, such as the suggestion that the arm is light and weightless and is floating towards the forehead of its own accord, as if it were attached to a brightly colored helium balloon. The remaining majority of 70-80% of the population is moderately responsive to hypnosis; they can experience easy, and in some cases, moderately difficult hypnotic items, but at a certain cut-off point they are unable to respond further.(1)
Hypnotic suggestibility scales are the primary way to measure hypnotic susceptibility. Two such scales include the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale (SHSS) and the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility (HGSHS). These tests are constructed for standardized group administration and are scored by self-report. They consist of a recorded verbatim hypnotic induction, which is scored according to how similar the subjects responses are in relation to previously measured highly susceptible individuals. There are many other ways to measure hypnotic susceptibility, but these two scales are most commonly used in scientific experiments.(2)
In 1992, Herbert Spiegel presented three different personality styles based on the way an individual related to the self and to the world. Those who score high on hypnotic ability tend to be more trusting, have a higher degree of malleability, and an extreme propensity to dissociate. This lends to total absorption with a complete abandonment of peripheral awareness. Those who are not susceptible tend to place logic at highest priority and have a limited experience of dissociation, having constant peripheral awareness. Those in midrange exhibit trends toward oscillating between relative periods of action and inaction. They tend to fluctuate between feeling and thinking and have a moderate ability to express dissociation.(2)
Suggestibility Tests
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V7UWgAqrAXA
(1) Key Concepts in Hypnosis: Campbell Perry, Ph.D
(2) The Neurological Underpinnings of Hypnosis and its Clinical Applications
Hypnosis in Contemporary Medicine
Time: Is Hypnosis Real? Here's What Science Says
Not getting sleepy? Research explains why hypnosis doesn't work for all
The Relationship of Hypnotizability and Empathy:A Replication and Extension Study
Clinical assessment of hypnotisability
https://touroscholar.touro.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1041&context=sjlcas
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypnotic_susceptibility#:~:text=Hypnotic%20susceptibility%20measures%20how%20easily%20a%20person%20can%20be%20hypnotized.&text=The%20Harvard%20Group%20Scale%20(HGSS,SHSS)%20is%20administered%20to%20individuals.
Hypnosis in Contemporary Medicine
Time: Is Hypnosis Real? Here's What Science Says
Not getting sleepy? Research explains why hypnosis doesn't work for all
The Relationship of Hypnotizability and Empathy:A Replication and Extension Study
Clinical assessment of hypnotisability
https://touroscholar.touro.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1041&context=sjlcas
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypnotic_susceptibility#:~:text=Hypnotic%20susceptibility%20measures%20how%20easily%20a%20person%20can%20be%20hypnotized.&text=The%20Harvard%20Group%20Scale%20(HGSS,SHSS)%20is%20administered%20to%20individuals.
No comments:
Post a Comment